Erosion-inhibiting and enamel rehardening effects of different types of saliva.

OBJECTIVES: The objective of this study was to assess the effects of in situ saliva compared to in vitro human saliva, with or without mucin, on inhibiting erosion and promoting enamel rehardening. DESIGN: Bovine enamel blocks were randomly distributed into groups (n = 23): Gsitu (human saliva in situ), Gvitro (collected human saliva) and GvitroM (collected human saliva with mucin). The enamel blocks underwent a 2-hour period for the formation of salivary pellicle, based on the assigned groups. Subsequently, they were subjected to three erosive cycles, each of them consisting of an erosive challenge (immersion in 0.65 % citric acid, pH 3.5, 1 min) and saliva exposure (immersion in situ or in vitro saliva for 2 h). Microhardness measurements were performed at each cycle, after each experimental step (erosive challenge and exposure to saliva). RESULTS: After the first demineralization, in vitro saliva groups presented greater hardness loss, with no statistical difference between GVitroM and GVitro. After the third erosive demineralization the in situ saliva resulted in less hardness loss compared to the first demineralization. In relation to surface hardness recovery, there was no difference among types of saliva but there was a decrease in hardness as the cycles progressed. CONCLUSION: Saliva groups had different behaviors between the first and third demineralization, being similar after the third cycle in terms of hardness loss. Regarding hardness recovery, all saliva promoted enamel gain, but there was a gradual decrease with the progression of the cycles.

Resin-based materials to control human dentin permeability under erosive conditions in vitro: A hydraulic conductance, confocal microscopy and FTIR study.

OBJECTIVES: To characterize the behavior of three different polymeric agents before and after an erosive challenge on dentin permeability, to analyze their degradation in both conditions, and to analyze their degree of conversion (DC). METHODS: The permeability of human dentin disks (1.0 ± 0.2 mm) was measured with smear layer, after its removal, after treatment (LpTreat) with Gluma Desensitizer, PRG Barrier Coat (PBC) or Icon infiltrant (n = 11/group) and after exposure to citric acid (LpEro) (6%, pH 2.1, 1 min). The specimens were analyzed under a Laser Scanning Confocal Microscope (n = 2/group) and the products' DC were calculated. Data were subjected to 2-way repeated measures ANOVA and post-hoc Bonferroni (permeability analysis), to paired t-test (for specimens treated with Icon) and to t-test (DC analysis) (α < 0.05). RESULTS: Icon showed the lowest LpTreat and LpEro values, while PBC and Gluma did not differ from each other under these conditions. Icon and PBC showed LpEro similar to a dentin with smear layer. Under the Laser Scanning Confocal Microscope, more deposits were noticeable on dentin after treating with PBC. Gluma presented the deepest penetration in dentin. The DC of PBC was the highest. SIGNIFICANCE: Icon caused the highest reduction on permeability values, followed by PBC and Gluma. PBC generated more deposits covering dentin and seemed to be more efficient after an erosive challenge. The association of a polymeric resin with inorganic ion-releasing fillers seem to be a great strategy to manage dentin hypersensitivity under erosive conditions.

Association between excessive maternal weight, periodontitis during the third trimester of pregnancy, and infants' health at birth.

INTRODUCTION: Excessive weight is associated with periodontitis because of inflammatory mediators secreted by the adipose tissue. Periodontal impairments can occur during pregnancy due to association between high hormonal levels and inadequate oral hygiene. Moreover, periodontitis and excessive weight during pregnancy can negatively affect an infant's weight at birth. OBJECTIVE: This observational, cross-sectional study aimed to evaluate the association between pre-pregnancy overweight/obesity, periodontitis during the third trimester of pregnancy, and the infants' birth weight. METHODOLOGY: The sample set was divided into 2 groups according to the preconception body mass index: obesity/overweight (G1=50) and normal weight (G2=50). Educational level, monthly household income, and systemic impairments during pregnancy were assessed. Pocket probing depth (PPD) and clinical attachment level (CAL) were obtained to analyze periodontitis. The children's birth weight was classified as low (<2.5 kg), insufficient (2.5-2.999 kg), normal (3-3.999 kg), or excessive (≥4 kg). Bivariate analysis (Mann-Whitney U test, t-test, chi-squared test) and logistic regression (stepwise backward likelihood ratio) were performed (p<0.05). RESULTS: G1 showed lower socioeconomic levels and higher prevalence of arterial hypertension and gestational diabetes mellitus during pregnancy than G2 (p=0.002). G1 showed higher means of PPD and CAL (p=0.041 and p=0.039, respectively) and therefore a higher prevalence of periodontitis than G2 (p=0.0003). G1 showed lower infants' birth weight than G2 (p=0.0004). Excessive maternal weight and educational levels were independent variables associated with periodontitis during the third trimester of pregnancy (X2[2]=23.21; p<0.0001). Maternal overweight/obesity was also associated with low/insufficient birth weight (X2[1]=7.01; p=0.008). CONCLUSION: The present findings suggest an association between excessive pre-pregnancy weight, maternal periodontitis, and low/insufficient birth weight.

Systemic conditions and oral health-related quality of life of pregnant women of normal weight and who are overweight.

OBJECTIVE: This study evaluated systemic and periodontal conditions and their association with quality of life in women in the third trimester of pregnancy, assisted by the Brazilian public health-care system, with excessive and normal weight. METHODS: Fifty pregnant women were allocated into two groups according to their pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI): excessive (GE; n = 25; BMI ≥ 25.00 kg/m2 ); and normal (GN; n = 25; 18.00 ≤ BMI ≤ 24.99 kg/m2 ). Thereafter, variables such as socio-economic level, anthropometric parameters (body mass index and gestational weight gain), systemic conditions, periodontal status, and oral health-related quality of life using the short version of the Oral Health Impact Profile (OHIP-14), were evaluated. RESULTS: There was no significant difference between groups in schooling level, monthly household income and gestational weight gain (P > 0.05). The GE group showed a higher frequency of arterial hypertension (P = 0.018), sought dental services less frequently (P = 0.035), had a higher prevalence of periodontitis (P = 0.011), and had a higher OHIP-14 overall score (P = 0.004) characterised by physical and psychological impact. In the final binary logistic regression models, high maternal BMI was associated with arterial hypertension and periodontitis during pregnancy, while periodontitis was strongly associated with moderate and high impact on quality of life. CONCLUSION: Pregnant women in the third trimester with excessive weight, assisted by the Brazilian public health-care system, presented with a higher prevalence of arterial hypertension, worse periodontal conditions and consequent high impact on quality of life.

Association between excessive maternal weight, periodontitis during the third trimester of pregnancy, and infants' health at birth

Abstract Excessive weight is associated with periodontitis because of inflammatory mediators secreted by the adipose tissue. Periodontal impairments can occur during pregnancy due to association between high hormonal levels and inadequate oral hygiene. Moreover, periodontitis and excessive weight during pregnancy can negatively affect an infant's weight at birth. Objective This observational, cross-sectional study aimed to evaluate the association between pre-pregnancy overweight/obesity, periodontitis during the third trimester of pregnancy, and the infants' birth weight. Methodology The sample set was divided into 2 groups according to the preconception body mass index: obesity/overweight (G1=50) and normal weight (G2=50). Educational level, monthly household income, and systemic impairments during pregnancy were assessed. Pocket probing depth (PPD) and clinical attachment level (CAL) were obtained to analyze periodontitis. The children's birth weight was classified as low (<2.5 kg), insufficient (2.5-2.999 kg), normal (3-3.999 kg), or excessive (≥4 kg). Bivariate analysis (Mann-Whitney U test, t-test, chi-squared test) and logistic regression (stepwise backward likelihood ratio) were performed (p<0.05). Results G1 showed lower socioeconomic levels and higher prevalence of arterial hypertension and gestational diabetes mellitus during pregnancy than G2 (p=0.002). G1 showed higher means of PPD and CAL (p=0.041 and p=0.039, respectively) and therefore a higher prevalence of periodontitis than G2 (p=0.0003). G1 showed lower infants' birth weight than G2 (p=0.0004). Excessive maternal weight and educational levels were independent variables associated with periodontitis during the third trimester of pregnancy (X2[2]=23.21; p<0.0001). Maternal overweight/obesity was also associated with low/insufficient birth weight (X2[1]=7.01; p=0.008). Conclusion The present findings suggest an association between excessive pre-pregnancy weight, maternal periodontitis, and low/insufficient birth weight.